Compound hydraulic master cylinder



Aug. l5, 1950 A. ROY

COMPOUND HYDRAULIC MASTER CYLINDER Filed June 10, 1946 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 hw NW SY uw NN uw mw. wh

mm Nw Sw www SN m .A Mm. m a m MN mw WN MN INVENTOR 4455975. AOV,

` ,4free/WSV.

Aug. 15, 1950 A. E. ROY 2,518,821

coMPoUND HYDRAULIC MASTER CYLINDER Filed June 10, 1946 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 63 7 63 Zz 76 7365 lfl i: i/I f l :ji

4a /v/ l "44 .53 52 47 5] 45 C?? A J 50 S/jgi 2] 30 56 m u g7 l "76 l 55 20 gf] 3 4 INVENTOR. z3. #A55/:'75 Oy,

lPatented Aug. 15, 1950 COMPOUND HYDRAULIC MASTER CYLINDER Albert E. Roy, Burbank, Calif.

Application June 10, 1946, Serial N0. 675,803

(c1. flo-54.6)

4 Claims.

In the operation of many hydraulically con-V trolled devices, such as the previously mentioned brakes of an automobile, it is necessary thata driven element 4be moved a certain distance before it produces any effect. In the case of automotive brakes, it is necessary that the brake shoes be moved outwardly until they engage the brake drum, at which time they will begin to do the work for which they were intended. The previous movement of the shoes may be termed a lost motion since it isanalogous to a lost motion mechanical linkage. The amount of power required to move the shoes into contact with the drum is relatively small, though the actual movement of the shoes may be a considerable amount. For the first movement of the shoes, therefore, a relatively large amount of hydraulic uid is required, and this may be at a relatively low pressure; whereas after the shoes have engaged the drum, the movement of the shoes is quite small but a considerable force must be exerted, and therefore a small amount of hydraulic fluid under a relatively high pressure is required. While all of the fluid might be supplied to the brake shoe operating mechanism at a relatively high pressure, this is unnecessary and at times even undesirable. I

Instead, it has been found preferable to provide two rates of ow of hydraulic'fluid to the brake operating or servo-mechanism, the first iiow being of a relatively large quantity of fluid at a relatively low pressure to move the brake shoe into engagement with the brake drum, and then to provide a relatively small flow of iiuid under a relatively high'pressure. In this way, the operator is better able to feel the action of the brakes, and an excessively large movement of the brake pedal is not necessary.

Since the brake shoes will become worn in operation, the amount of fluid at a relatively low provide a charge of uid under relatively low pressure and of suicient volume to move the brake shoes into contact with the brake drum.

It is another object of my invention to provide a device of this type in which the amount of charging fluid is determined by the operating requirements of the system..

A further object of my invention is to provideA such a device which will furnish a supply of operating fluid under high pressure to operate the brakes after the system hasbeen charged.

It is also an object of my invention to provide a hydraulic cylinder of the type described which has incorporated therein a valve system which insures that the cylinder will be maintained full of fluid at all times, and prevent the building up of excessive pressure therein which could damage the device and constitute a safety hazard.

It is a still further object of my invention to provide a device of this type which is simply and ruggedly constructed and which has very few operating parts which could tend to cause service and maintenance difficulties.

These and other objects and advantages of my invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferred form thereof, and from the drawings illustrating that form, in which:

Fig. 1 is a vertical cross sectional view of a master cylinder constructed in accordance with my invention, with the parts shown in their normal or unoperated positions;

Fig. 2 is a horizontal cross sectional view taken at 2-2 in Fig. l showing additional details of construction of the pressure regulator valve;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional View of a portion of the parts shown in Fig. 1, showing the parts in the position they assume when the brake pedal is rst moved to apply the brakes;.

and

Fig. 4 is a cross sectional view similar to Fig. 3

showing the parts in the position they assume as pressure necessary to move the shoes into contact- 1 with the brake drum will vary as the brakes are used over a period of time. The amount of low pressure uid necessary to charge the brake operating mechanism, as distinguished from the high pressure uid used to operate the brakes, will thus vary so that a device which always delivers a constant amount of charging fluid before delivering the operating fluid will be unsatisfactory.

It is therefore a major object of my invention to provide a master cylinder device which will the brake pedal is further depressed.

Referring now to the drawings and particularly to Fig. l thereof, the numeral lilindicates genyerally a housing having an upper or reservoir section II, and a lower or operating section I2. To provide a complete unit and for simplicity of alignment, the reservoir section II is preferably furnished with an ear I3 extending outwardly from its forward end, to which is pivotally attached a brake lever I4 having a brake pedal I5 at its upper end. The lower end of the brake lever I4 is provided with a pivotal connection I6 to which is attached a connecting rod I1, hereinafter described; and it will be apparent that as' the brake pedal is moved forwardly, to the left in Fig. l, the connecting rod will be moved rearwardly and toward the operating section l2.

The operating section |2 of the container l0 includes a pair of concentric cylindrical chambers and 2|, of which cylinder 20 is larger and supplies the charging fluid, while chamber 2| is smaller and provides the operating fluid. The chamber 2| is provided with a hydraulic coupling 22 by means of which connection may be made to the servo-mechanism (not shown)` of the brakes; and the chamber zlisrluid con.- nected to the reservoir through a make-upand relief valve assembly 23.

Slidably mounted in chamber 2|] and closing4 the forward end thereof is a piston. 24 having. a, sealing ring 25 of rubber or other resilient material around its periphery to prevent the escape of fluid from the chamber. A shoulder 26 is formed. at the rear end of the chamber 29 by u the reduction in size of the operation section. I2 to provide for the smaller diameter oi cham.- ber. 2|; and a helical spring 21 bears against the shoulder 2S and the piston 24 to urge the latter forwardly. A snapring 28 or other suitable holding means preventsthe continuedY movement of. the piston. 24. and its ejection fromthe chamber- 20..

Extending rearwardly. from the piston-v 24. is. a coaxial. projection 3|) which extends nearly.` to the shoulder 26 and is provided with a. coaxial screw-.threaded hole 3| at. its rear end.. The projection 3D is generally cylindricalv in. shape. and isprovided withy a generally conical recess.

32. extending inwardly from the forward. face of' the cylinder 24 to receive the connecting rod l1. The rear end of the connecting, rod. L1 is. generally hemispherical in shape, and the rearmost portion of` the recess 32` is compiementally shaped. to receive the connecting. rod and. act as. a. bearing surface for the end thereof. The forward end or the connecting rod. Il! is. provided, with an attaching member.. 3.3 which. connects to the pivotal connection L5', while anad-y justing means 34.permits.the effective length of the connecting.: rod tobe varied so that the position of the brake lever |4 may be changed'to. meet varying conditions. AV flexible cover 35 fits over. the forwardend ofthe operating sectionv I2. and: extends to the attachingmember 33 so that dust. grease, andY other foreign mat-v ter is kept from the piston24,

Within' the cylindrical chamber 2|'y is a piston` 40 provided with a resilient sealing member 4|. at its rear end.. The. forward. end. of piston. 40 extendsv into the larger chamber 20 andisprovided. with a. screw-threaded portion 42.v whichy ts into and isheld by the screw-threadedbore- 3| in the projection 3G. tached topiston 2.4.: and moves with the latter, and. spring 2, urges both of the pistonsto aforward position,. where piston 24 is stopped: by. the retaining ringy 28.

To. permit the transfer of iiuid from chamber 20 to chamber 2|, piston 40 is provided with anA axial bore 43 which extends forwardly from. the rear end. of the piston-to a point just short. of the threadedl projection42. Transverse holes 44. are bored. through the piston 40 tofpermit fluid to` enter the holes from chamber 2E, and pass. through them into the bore 43 and then. into chamber 2|.

As will later become apparent, it. is not de.- sirable that chamber 2| be opento. chamber 23 at, all times; and consequently I have pro- Piston 43 is thus atvided a poppet type valve 45 which is adapted to shut off the fluid connection between the two chambers as the pistons are moved rearwardly and the pressure within chamber 2| approaches that in chamber 2G. The valve 45 includes a valve head 46 and a hollow valve stern 41 which extends forwardly from the head within the bore 43. A valve seat 48 is; formed in the' rear end of piston nl, and' a resil'ientinsert .50.is mounted thereon to insure sealing of the valve when the valve head 46 bears against the valve seat. To permituid to pass through the bore 43 when the-valve 45' is open, holes 5| are drilled through the valve Stem y4'| near the base of the head 45 so that-l an: unobstructed ow of fluid may be had.

To urge the valve 45 to closed position, a slot 52r is` formed in the piston 40 transversely to its axis, and a pin 53 is psed through it and the valve. stem 41 so: that.. the valve may. move from open. to closed. positionwhile. the pin. 53.. travels. Withixrthe. connes of theslot.. Theouter ends of. thepin 53. are, heldY in a. ring 54 which surrounds the forward end 0f-.the.piston. 4.3. andts. within. thechamber. 2|., the ring being free to slide. with.. respect. to the piston and. the walls.= forming the. chamber. A. spring 55. urges the ring forwardly andastop. 5H engagesthe forward'. edge of the.. ring.. to.hol'd`. the latter. so that, thev valve4 45 is open. when. the pistons. 24 andv 4U are. i'n theirv normal. or. unoperated positions.. The ring 54 may be. fitted loosely within cham.-

inthe. ring to insure that. the fluid pressure acting on.the rear. face. of.' the ring. isequal to` that: actingl on the. forward. face.

As seen in Fie.. 1valve 45 i's,thus held inopen position by. the stop. 5U when the brake pedal. |51 is. released and the. spring 2. hasmoved the pis.- tons. 2L4. and 4u, to their forward. limiting posi` tions.. As the brake pedalis then. depressed, the.

pistons ar-.e thenmovedlrearwardly, but the valve.

45. cannot4 be completely closed. untilJ the. piston` @El has moveda s ufl'cient. distance rearwardly to.- cause, the valveseatetofbear. against the valve headli,v held. stationary by the.` spring. 55, and the pin. 53,. as shown. inEig. 3.. As later explained, the. valve. 45 is. generally not. closed.. at.. this time. unless the hydraulic line. and. servo-mechanism. have.beenypreviously. charged or. lled.. Further rearward movement of the pistonsA 24r and 43,. tends to cause: the valve 45.. to bemoved along with the` piston` 4&1 while. maintaining. the fluid. connection betweenchambers 20 andll. closedasshown. in Fig.. 4.. Asthebrake pedal |.5;y is re.- leased, the cycleoi operations is r.eversed, and the. parts are returned. to..v the positions shownL in. Eig. 1`.

Aspreviously mentonedthe chamber. 20.is.con nested to the-reservoir sectionv Il. through. the makeup. and4 relief. valve23, and in the device sho-wn in Fig. lan.extension6.{l. of. the chamber 20.extends.rearward1y above. the. chamber. 2|: to permit the valve 23 to,belocated.so itwill, not be subject tointerference from thespring 2l. or the piston` 214'..

In order that. thechamber Zmayrbe kept fullof fluid` at. all. times a' make. up. valve is; provided whichv permits. fluidto drain from.the reservoir into the.r extension. 60 and. thence: into the chamber 2.0.. when. the. brake: pedal |5-isnot de. pressed.. Themakeup. valve shownincludes a. housing: 6|4 which preferably. extends. from the top. of. theiresenvoir. section wherefit is screwthreadedly. attached tothe. topthereof, extending,

downwardly and seating with a fluid tight seal ink uid from the reservoir into theV extension.. 60."

A plate 65 is adapted to cover the lower end of these holes when the pressure within the extension 63 exceeds that within the reservoir I I; and the plate is held to housing 6I by means of a stem 66 having a shoulder 6l' attached to the lower end thereof. diameter than the hole 62, and is slidablymounted upon the stem 65 so that in its normal position, as shown in Fig. l, the plate is in its lower'most position against the shoulder 6l and hydraulic fluid may pass through the openings 64 and around the plate a5 into the extension 60. When the pressure within the extension 60 increases above that in the reservoir Il, the plate 65 is urged upwardly to bear against the bottom of the housing 6l and close the holes 64 to prevent the reverse movement of fluid through the latter. rlhis position of the plate 65 is shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

is piston El?, is moved further rearwardly, the pressure within extension 69 becomes higher than that necessary to close the aperture 64, and if continued without release, could either stop the movement of brake pedal I 5 or damage the operating section l2 of the housing I9. To prevent either of these occurrences from happening, a relief valve is incorporated within the housing 6 I.

The relief valve includes a stem Ill extendingy upwardly from the botto-m of the housing 6I and concentric with the stem 66 which extends downwardly from that bottom. The stem I is hollow and is provided with internal screw threads at its upper end so that a plug l2 may be inserted and held therein. At its lower end, the hole 'II is provided with a hemispherical portion into which a ball 'I3 may t and be seated, being held against the hemispherical portion by a spring I4 extending between the ball bearing and the plug l2. A hole l5 extends upwardly through the stem 66 to join the hole ll, the ball -13 seating on the hole I5 and closingf the latter until the pressure within the chamber 6@ becomes suflicient to urge the ball upwardly against the urging of the spring l. Holes i6 near the base of stem 10 permit the iluid so traveling upward through hole to return to the reservoir II where it may again be used. The normal position of the relief valve The housing 6I is pro-` The plate 65 is of somewhat smaller l meetingv rod Ilinwardly andcollapsing the dust cover 35.The piston 2,4 is moved rearwardly into.

the chamber 2B, against the urging of spring 21, and'forces hydraulicfiuid `through the holes 44. bore 43, and through the valve 45 into the chamber'ZI. Since theivolume of fluid displaced by the piston4 24 fora given longitudinal movement thereof iis relatively large, there will be a relatively large-.flow of fluid through the valve 45, the chamber 2.I,f\andinto the hydraulic line and servo-mechanism to move the brake shoes into contact with'the'brake drum. Piston 40 being attached topiston 24 moves with the latter, and this` willltend .to ,cause the valve 45 to be closed Eas previously described andk shown in Fig. 3,k though itsfactual closing will be slightly delayed,

` also increased the pressure in the extension 66 of chamber and forced plate 65 upwardly againstthe lower portion of housing 6I to close the aperture 64 so'that until such time as the Areliefvalve operates, the pressure within chamber v20 is increased. This increased pressure is is shown in Fig. 1, and its position, when the pressure within extension 66 is sufficient to move the ball lf3 upwardly against the urging of spring 74, is shown in Fig. 4. The makeup and relief valve assembly 23 just described thus maintains the chamber 2t and the extension 66 filled with fluid at all times, and permits a `pressure to be built up within the chamber while at the same time preventing the building up of excessive pressure within the chambers which would tend to damage them.

Operation transmitted by the hydraulic fluid through the valve stem` 4'I to the valve head 46, urging it rearwardly. The frictional resistance which they lvalve offers tothe movement of fluid will tend to cause the pressure Within chamber 2I to be less than that in chamber 20 while the hydraulic line and servo-mechanism are being charged, since a relatively large volume of fluid is being transferred from chamber 20 to chamber 2I duringthis time. As a result,` the force exerted by the'iluid onthe forward surface of valve head 46 (the left hand surface in the drawings) will be sufficiently greater than that exerted onthe rear surface ofthe valve head to overcome the force exerted by the spring 55, and the valve 45 therefore remains'open until the hydraulic line and servo-mechanism are fully charged.

'When' the charging of the hydraulic line and servo-mechanism has been completed, the movement of-iluid fromchamber 20 to chamberl 2I is materially reduced, and the pressures within these chambers tend to equalize, permitting the spring to close valve 45, and thereby stop any further movement of fluid from chamber 20 to chamber 2 I. Thereafter, 'any further movement rearwardly of the connecting rod I1 produces a very material increase in the pressure within both the chambers 20 and 2I When this occurs, the pressure within the extension is likewise increased until it becomes sufficient to raise the ball 13 and permit the hydraulic fluid within the chamber 20 to be returned to thereservoir II. As the connecting rod I'I then moves rearwardly, the fluid within chamber ZI is forced through the coupling 22and into the hydraulic line to operate the servo-mechanism and force the brake shoes against the brake drum.

When it is desired to release the brakes, pressure is removed from the brake pedal I5 and the MMSE F reimnsztm its. normal position: untilsuch' was: ring;v lli bears` against stop ist whereupon the valve ceases'l moving whilethe piston: completes. its. return to.normali-position` asi valxre 45 opens.

Should; it .be desired"A to'- rapplyf the' bmkes before piston 40E has reached: its; normali position' anda valve; 45; has. opened; iti isonly necessary boaga'in apply pressure-.tathe-fbrake:l pedal' l5', andi the brakes. will: again` be; operated4 without'y the addition offany. chargingruid to. the line*y since# none ofi the. fluid withixr the chamber 25|, Uhef hydraulic line. or thel servo-mechanism hasY been` returned to chamber 2nfortothe. re'servolruntil suchtime as the valve 4d isl opened. Ifith'epedal l 5: has been completelyfreleased': and thewalve i has. opened, allot the parts.V are lnfi their vnormalI position as shown in Fig. V11 andztheoperationloff' reapplying the, brakes: is the; same` as that pneviouslyy described-.

It will thus `be seen: that. Ihave provided ahy'-` draulic; mastery cylinder of. veryt simpleconstrue-- tion and superior operation.A 'I,he:.operationz off the` pistonl 2 4f within the.- chamber' 2.0: is such as? t'os charge thez hydraulicv line. and'. servo-me'chanisrn rapidly., and' thereafter.v the-f movement. of piston 45)." within chamber: Ztl, piioyides the necessaryope @rating` force to' operate.` the servo-mechanism without the application. of an excessively.' large forceonvthebralteipedal` I5..

WhileI have shown; anda described a; preferred' f omi; of 'my inventiomlgdo not; wish' toabe -limitedf to the particular: fornr or arrangement;` of." parts herein described and showniexcept'aslimited by my. claims;

Il claim:

1. .In a. hydraulicfpressmedevice having a' reservoin. aw low. pressure cylinder fluid connectable` to the reservoir, anda high pressure cylinder" corr-` centr-ic .with the. lowA pressure. cylinder; a1 piston. in the high pressure: cylinder whichincludes:4 a valve adapted.y control a. fluid; connection: exstending. through. saidpistom to said; law. 'pressure cylinder, said valve. havingV ai valve headzarrds'ahollow valve stem; withi the surfaeeot said head adiacenti said` sternbeing exposed. tn. the.. iuid.` pressure within. said low: pressure; cylindel: andi the-,oppositefsurfaceiof: said; hoadbeingfexposedto: the.Y fluid. essurewithin. said high pressunef. cyli-Y inder., said stem having iiuid outlets formed` therethrough. at` the base of said hea-d; .spring :im`

means connected betweem saidpistom and said valve. to urge. the latter to closed.. position@ Valve. tht-:relay` closing.; said... iiuid connection'.- lie;-4 tween. said low.. pressuie cylinderv and'. saidz high".l pressure cylinder; andistonmeansiadaptedto en1= gage. said spr-ing. means saidpistn. is: monedal outwardly from said; high pressure. cylinderwhercby said vali/eis opened.I asfsai i1-piston ap-t proaches itsoutermost positiorn 2. Ina hydraulic pressurefdev-icefhaving. azres.H 00:

ervoin. a low. pressure cylinder. fluid connectabie?l tothe reservoir, and. ahigh pressure :cylinden con-` centric with the low pressurecylinder,,a-.pistmziin. thehigh pressure cylinder whichincludes: apnppet type value adapted-tocontrol a iiuidiconnec-i 681.

tion es: ending through lsaidfpiston: iroin said. low; pressure cylinder to saidhighpressure cylinder; slidable means. mountedV oni said.- pistoni, al; springi connected. between. said pistonA and said: slidable:

meansand. urgingE the. latter awayffrom saidr high IfgNurnber 8i. the latten approachesits outermost' position with respect. to.: said' high pressure cylinder, whereby saidf valve. is. opened as'. said pistoni approaches saidf outermost position.

3.. In an hydraulic pressuredevice having a reservoir,A a.. low pressurev cylinder uid connectable to the-reservoir, and a high pressure cylinder concentricfWit-h'. th'elow-'pressure cylinder, apiston in the high pressure' cylinder whichincludes: a poppet type valve adaptedyto.: controli a. fluid` connection extending through said piston from said low pressure cylinder to; said' high pressure cylinder; a= ring slidably mounted onv said piston andmovableftherewith within said cylinder; a pin extending'. through.- said. piston tov connect the stem of said valve. to.V said ring, whereby said valve and said ring: move asv a unit, said piston having a slot/,therein tofreceive said pin and permit its reciprocable movement with respect to said piston; a. spring connected between said piston and said ring urging the latter away from said high pressure.- cylindeig, whereby said valve is urged to closedposition.` and stop-means adapted to engagesaidring. and.` hold it against further movementwith-said piston as the latter approaches its. outermost position with respect to said high pressure cylinder, whereby said valve is opened as saidpiston. approaches said outermost position.

4". In a hydraulic pressure device having a rcservoir,.a low pressure cylinder fluid connectable to the reservoiiganda high pressure cylinder concentric with thelcw pressure cylinder, a piston in the high pressure cylinder which includes: a valve seat in the end of said piston within said high pressure cylinder` said valve scat surrounding' a passageway Within said piston extending between said'low pressure and said high pressure cylinders; avalve head adapted to cooperate with said valve seat; a hollow valve stern attached to saidvalve head and extending into said passageway,jsaid valve stem having a. hole formed therein'at'the-base'of saidvalve head whereby the face ofsaid valve head adjacent said' valve stem is subjected to the uid pressure within said low pressure cylinder, andthe opposite face of said valve headi's-subjected tothe fluid pressure within` saidhighI pressure cylinder; a ring surrounding said piston within said cylinder and slidable with respect toV bothy said piston and said cylinder'' a pin extending throughv said piston to conneetsaldi valve'stem to said ring-so that said' ring and-stem'f move as a unit, saidpiston having a slot thereinf topermit reciprocal-ile movement of said pini with: respect to'said piston.; aA spring extendingr-between saidringandsaid piston urging said ring awayy from said high. pressure cylinder, whereby said valve is urgedy to a closed position; andi al stop-:adapted toengagesaid` ringv and pre- Ventiitsm'ovement awayfrom said high pressure cylinder` as saidY piston approaches its outermost position with respect't'o said high pressure cylind'en;.whereby:said= valve is open when said piston isginsaidfoutermost-position;

ALBERT E. ROY.

REFERENCES CITED The! following references are of record in the file ofi this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date 1,709,150: Pieper Apr. 16'y 1929 221912,7.1-6 Hunt` Feb. 2'1y 1940 23.27316.. Bowen: Feb. 10, 1942v 2;'3013559 Whitten 1 Nov, 10, 1.942 

